Preventing epigenetic changes fights urban pollution

Activation of the cell’s own detoxification system is used as the second line of defence. And because pollution also induces epigenetic changes with long-term effects, a third line of defence was established where these epigenetic changes are prevented or reversed.

Environmental pollution is one of the major areas of concern when it comes to skin ageing. In particular, air pollution is directly in contact with our skin and it contributes to skin ageing on a daily basis. The main sources of air pollution are industrial combustion (diesel exhaust fumes and coal), traffic and construction works. Air pollution consists of gases such as ozone and very fine particles that are known as particulate matter (PM). These particles, which are between 0.1 μm – 10 μm in size, can remain in the atmosphere for weeks and contain toxic compounds such as heavy metals and allergens. Particulate matter is especially dangerous for the skin as it not only sits on the surface but can also penetrate into pores and therefore transport toxic substances into deeper skin layers. In combination with exposure to UV light, these particles cause oxidisation reactions within the skin, which lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and the loss of collagen. ROS can cause protein carbonylation, and these damaged proteins contribute to skin ageing. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation caused by ROS leads to skin barrier dysfunction, which creates a vicious cycle as more PM can enter the skin. The result is irritated, uneven skin that will age more rapidly. 

Expression of detox and antioxidant enzymes in the skin