An antimicrobial agent is a chemical compound added to cosmetic products that inhibits the growth of, or inactivates, pathogens or spoilage microorganisms. If a cosmetic product becomes contaminated with microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and moulds and is then applied to damaged or broken skin, it has the potential to cause irritation or infection.
Preservatives are therefore added to cosmetic formulations to prevent contamination by microorganisms and to ensure the safety of the product both prior to and during its use.
Currently common used preservatives include methylisothiazolinone, DMDM hydantoin and various parabens. Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is effective at low concentrations and over a wide pH range. First introduced to the market in 2006 it has been a popular and widely used cosmetic preservative due to its broad spectrum efficacy. However, it has had recent negative publicity both from industry and the media suggesting there is a relationship between the use in leave-on skin products and the induction of contact allergy and contact dermatitis. Cosmetics Europe published a statement on the 12 December 2013 recommending the use of MIT in leave-on skin products including cosmetic wipes is discontinued and not to wait for regulatory intervention under the Cosmetics Regulations but implement this as soon as feasible.
DMDM hydantoin is also effective at low concentrations and over a wide pH range, however as a formaldehyde-releasing ingredient it is possible that the consumer may develop a formaldehyde allergy or an allergy to the ingredient itself and its decomposition products. In the US, approximately 20% of cosmetics and personal care products contain a formaldehyde-releaser and the frequency of contact allergy to these ingredients is much higher among Americans compared to studies in Europe.
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